Postpartum Depression A Concept Analysis Health And Social Care Essay

Postpartum Depression A Concept Analysis Health And Social Care Essay Postpartum Depression is generally defined in the following context: Specifier of nonpsychotic major depression that has its onset within 4 weeks after delivery (Mehta and Sheth, 2006). In addition, the illness is often classified into the following categories: Baby blues, nonpsychotic depression, and puerperal psychosis (Mehta and Sheth, 2006). Therefore, the illness is complex in nature and is attributed to the emotions that are experienced after giving birth (Mehta and Sheth, 2006). It appears that there are no clear distinctions between first-time and experienced mothers facing postpartum depression, and that the state is potentially dependent upon hormonal imbalances (Mehta and Sheth, 2006). The state of postpartum depression is particularly difficult for its sufferers, as they are often unable to care for their newborn babies in the way that they desire, and this places a particularly difficult strain upon the family in these cases. The defining attributes of the illness are em otional in nature, and require further evaluation in order to establish a successful diagnosis and treatment strategy. For women facing the risk of postpartum depression, there are a number of common concerns that are well-defined and researched, including but not limited to stress, hormone imbalance, and alternative methods of conception. Therefore, those women facing postpartum depression often possess a number of risk factors that may be individual or combined. As a result, a diagnosis of this condition is often based upon several factors. However, these factors may also be attributed to other conditions and circumstances, so how they are identified and managed is of critical importance in addressing the condition directly. In general, A meta-analysis of numerous studies found the average prevalence rate of postpartum depression to be 13 %there is a three-fold increase in the risk of depression during the first months after delivery (Joesfsson, 2003, p. 14). Therefore, it is important to note that postpartum depression is a common condition that requires further evaluation and treatment. A case study is perhaps the most feasible opportunity to explore the variables involved in postpartum depression, as this will enable the evaluator to determine the extent to which the illness is based upon various factors, how it was derived, and how to best treat the condition effectively. Typically, a scale known as the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is widely used to identify the severity of postpartum depression episodes, as is useful in determining the course of treatment that will treat the condition without delay (Chokka, 2002). One case to consider is that of using the EPDS to screen patients for postpartum depression, and if the condition is identified, to determine its severity (Joesfsson, 2003). This scale is used to convey a greater understanding of the epidemiology of the illness, and its contributing factors in those that suffer its symptoms (Joesfsson, 2003). The case study under consideration examines women facing postpartum symptoms of depression at several intervals, and explores a number of variables that are relevant in describing the condition and its potential outcomes for female patients (Joesfsson, 2003). There were a number of statistical requirements under consideration, as well as an opportunity to explore the ethical nature of the study and how it might impact postpartum women in a personal manner: We questioned ourselves whether it would create increased anxiety to ask the eligible women personal questions about mental and physical health and later on about their childrens behavior. How ever, we concluded that the positive effects would outweigh the negative effects and that the attendance rate would reflect the womens opinions in this matter. Verbal and written information was given to all participants and it was made clear that participation was voluntary (Joesfsson, 2003, p. 33). From this perspective, it should be noted that the postpartum depression study served as a means of influencing the identification of risk factors, as well as the epidemiology behind such factors and subsequent treatment alternatives that would be useful in supporting patients of this nature (Joesfsson, 2003). In this manner, it was determined that the study was a safe and effective means of identifying various risk factors associated with postpartum depression. The study results indicate that the EPDS is a highly useful tool in order to support the findings associated with postpartum depression (Joesffson, 2003). One of the key factors in this study that is not found in many other studies is as follows: An advantage of this study is that all data were extracted from standardized medical records in which data were collected prior to knowledge of postpartum mood. This made it possible to minimize maternal recall bias. To our knowledge this is the only study that includes earlier medical, gynecologic and obstetric history (Joesffson, 2003, p. 37). Therefore, the study indicates that there are significant opportunities to explore postpartum depression by using the EPDS scale, and that the results from this scale will continue to provide clinicians with the tools that are necessary to improve diagnosis and treatment methods for postpartum depression and its many complexities (Joesffson, 2003). EPDS is also evaluated in a borderline case involving postpartum women from Chile, and it was determined that the scale is very useful in other settings as a screening and diagnostic tool (Jadresic et.al, 1995). Another borderline case involving subjects from Iran is also useful in determining the effectiveness of the EPDS tool (Montazeri et.al, 2007). A contrary case involves the detection of false negatives in using the EPDS, which is in stark contrast to many other cases that support the widespread use of this scale to identify postpartum depression (Guedeney et.al, 2000). A case invented for the research might demonstrate that EPDS is successful in diagnosing other types of depressive disorders or episodes that extend beyond postpartum depression. Finally, an illegitimate case involves an examination of symptoms that are depicted as postpartum depression with the EPDS, but are actually not related ( Jomeen and Martin, 2008). Based upon the model case, the antecedent is the series of unusual behaviors that are generally associated with postpartum depression, such a perceived detachment from the child, as well as emotions, such as uncontrollable crying and fits of anger. As a result of these behaviors, it is generally believed that women suffering from postpartum depression face considerable emotional and psychological consequences until they are diagnosed and are treated for their condition in a successful manner. In a related case study, EDHS is utilized in conjunction with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in an effort to identify postpartum depression in a different light. In a general context, Routine depression screening has been recommended for all adults using tools, such as the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), that have been validated in primary care practices (Yawn et.al, 2009, p. 483). From this perspective, it is known that postpartum depression is not commonly considered under this questionnaire, and requires further consideration as a potential tool for evaluation of this condition (Yawn et.al, 2009). The study considered both tools as an opportunity to identify postpartum depressive symptoms, and to also demonstrate that these studies might be useful together, while also recognizing the limitations of their use in conjunction with each other (Yawn et.al, 2009). These findings suggest that there are significant factors involved in identifying postpartum depression, par ticularly when a body of questions are asked of each study participant that might be uncomfortable to answer (Yawn et.al, 2009). Therefore, it is difficult to identify all of the possible implications of using both tools without further evaluation (Yawn et.al, 2009). Nonetheless, it is very important and relevant to consider how postpartum depression is diagnosed and treated under the most common conditions. Other studies also demonstrate that postpartum depression, when diagnosed by using the EPDS scale, is highly responsive to different forms of cognitive therapy, including individual and group counseling, amongst other methods (Moss et.al, 2009). However, studies do not go so far as to say that educational programs are a useful tool in supporting the prevention of postpartum depression, as this has yet to be identified as an effective alternative (Moss et.al, 2009). There continue to be critical factors that influence postpartum depression that have not been fully identified, and therefore, the EPDS is a very useful method of deciphering new problems and potential treatment solutions (Moss et.al, 2009). Based upon the indicators provided in the discussion and case studies thus far, there are a number of empirical referents to consider when addressing the scope of postpartum depression, and how it is dramatically influenced by various factors, including but not limited to risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It is clear that there are a number of common risk factors associated with postpartum depression that are common in many identified cases, including but not limited to prior depressive episodes, hormone imbalances, and other related factors. These factors are typical contributors to the condition, even though their severity varies from one case to another. Nonetheless, when considering postpartum depression, these are typical concerns that must be evaluated on a consistent basis. In one context, it is observed that postpartum depression may be associated with what is known as the relinquishment of motherhood, which is reflective of different circumstances, such as giving up a baby for adoption, as well as the challenges associated with postpartum depression (La Monica). In this context, Relinquishment is usually done with a great deal of conflict, especially if done under compulsion. Consequences of relinquishment are (1) the obvious loss of a child, (2) a resulting role change; she is no longer functioning as a mother, and (3) the inevitable grief process to follow (La Monica, p. 269). From this perspective, it is clear that postpartum depression also falls into this category, and possesses empirical consequences for a mother until a diagnosis and treatment plan is satisfied. It is important for a mother facing postpartum depression to consider how this might impact her child or children, and how to best approach the situation in a delicate yet assertive man ner. However, since the judgment of the mother is often poor as a result of her condition and she may be unable to think clearly, it is necessary to consider how the condition might be identified by a clinical professional, and thus treated accordingly. It is important for family members and clinicians to be involved as early as possible, so that the symptoms do not become so severe that irreversible consequences are inevitable, as occurs in some cases. In all cases of postpartum depression, it is critical to develop an understanding of the underlying factors, causes, and diagnosis methods that are most common, so that all possible ideas are explored without severe repercussions for patients. Therefore, it is expected that in all cases of postpartum depression, establishing a diagnosis using the EPDS and/or the PHQ are of critical relevance in order to determine the most feasible course of action for the patient in question. This is a general rule that applies to almost any diagnosis, and requires ongoing consideration in order to achieve the desired level of effectiveness. It is imperative that these methods are utilized consistently from one case to the next in order to establish effective patterns for treating postpartum depression and its underlying causes. In order to identify the various principles that are associated with a diagnosis of postpartum depression, it is necessary to develop a greater understanding of various risk factors that are associated with the illness and its outcomes for new and experienced mothers. It is evident that there are a variety of concerns that are associated with postpartum depression, and that these require further consideration and evaluation. Therefore, various research studies to date indicate that there are a number of relevant tools that are often utilized in order to understand the overall concepts associated with postpartum depression, and how to best diagnose and treat this complex psychological condition with physical undertones. The most common tools used to identify the condition are the EPDS and the PHQ, which are utilized to identify severity of the condition under different circumstances. Patients suffering from this illness must be cooperative and supportive in seeking a diagnosis and tre atment, even though this is often a very difficult concept to grasp. Therefore, it is important for clinicians to be heavily involved in this process, so that patients are provided with the best possible outcomes for their condition, regardless of its severity. This will provide the greatest level of support during diagnosis and treatment to improve the condition through regular treatment and ongoing intervention as necessary.

Invent Your Own Technology :: Process Essays

Invent Your Own Technology â€Å"The first writing technology was writing itself (39 Baron).† -Dennis Baron, From Pencils to Pixels Re-introducing myself to a task that I have taken advantage of my entire life proved both frustrating and time consuming. Writing has always been done with at least a pencil hasn’t it? Apparently not, and I realized that as I set out to â€Å"create† a non-technological way to write. The new way of writing I created, although effective, took quite a bit longer than I had anticipated. Thinking of an idea for this project was easy; it was putting that abstract thought into concrete form that proved difficult. Armed with the best of intentions I set out to create a project equivalent to Egyptian hieroglyphics carved on the tops of pyramids. I soon realized that I set my goals a bit to high so I began scratching a few words into a piece of tree bark with a rock. When that proved not as interesting as I wanted, and certainly not as aesthetically pleasing, I moved to plan B: creating my own ink by boiling grape peals. The ink was a deep shade of purple (and smelled like w ine); I was sure it would write just like ink from a pen and I would have a beautiful project. However my ego got the better of me. As it turned out the fermented ink would not write on my bark surface. Instead it absorbed into the bark never to be seen again. I moved to plan C. Creating a smoother surface for my wonderful ink by mixing flour and water and spreading it over the bark-again unsuccessful. Plan D: stick with the flour and water mixture but carve into the surface, like clay, before it hardens completely. (I had utterly given up on the ink.) Success! I had finally created a new way to write. In just over three hours I had a ten-word document. It wasn’t profound; it wasn’t beautiful; but it was certainly permanent. My creation came to life. Through this inventing process I was not only able to make a new writing technology, but I also learned something very valuable about myself-I have surprisingly little patients.

Contrast between Psychodynamic and the behaviorist theory of personality Essay

Psychodynamic is a method used to help people find relief from emotional pain which could be as a result of unresolved conflicts of the past. It is usually done verbally. It’s based on the idea that a human being’s behavior is shaped by known and unknown influences. It aims at solving this past experiences that could have left lasting traces that could affect your self-esteem leading to maladaptive patterns of behaviors. It involves patient talking and the therapist interpreting the patient’s words and behaviors (Miller, Luborsky, Jacques and John, pp 23). Psychodynamic is basically concerned about psychological processes, past experiences, existence of unknown motivation, ego, superego and defense mechanisms (Jackson and Beverly, pp 45). Behaviorist‘s theory also attempts to explain human behavior but its in conflict with psychodynamic theory in ways which human behavior is developed. The behaviorist believes that culture and subculture have a role to play in molding someone’s behavior and as a result has an effect on the personality. Therapy in a behaviorist is based on the principles of learning using all the processes and methods such as training, reinforcing, desensitization, aversion therapy, modeling and replication (Chamorro-Premuzic, and Adrian, pp67). According to Miller, Nancy, Lester, Jacques and John (pp 89), this theory has little concern about any outside energy or force in determining behavior. To it, normal behavior comes as a result of acceptable conditioning, reinforcing and modeling while abnormal behavior comes as a result of defective conditioning, reinforcing and modeling. It is not interested in the effect of developmental processes on the behavior. In treating the patient, the therapist has little regard to the patient’s feelings, thoughts, emotional experiences or imagination. It is believed that if one understands the environment and how to interact with it, he can basically understand himself and his behavior. The behaviorist believes that behavior is cultured and it can also be uncultured. Works Cited Jackson, Leslie C. , and Beverly Greene, eds. Psychotherapy with African American Women: Innovations in Psychodynamic Perspectives and Practice. New York: Guilford Press, 2000. Lazarus, Richard S. Fifty Years of the Research and Theory of R. S. Lazarus: An Analysis Of Historical and Perennial Issues. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998. Miller, Nancy E. , Lester Luborsky, Jacques P. Barber, and John P. Docherty, eds. Psychodynamic Treatment Research: A Handbook for Clinical Practice. New York: Basic Books, 1993. Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas, and Adrian Furnham. Personality and Intellectual Competence. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005. .

Creative nonfiction †Werner Essay Essay Example

Creative nonfiction – Werner Essay Essay Example Creative nonfiction – Werner Essay Paper Creative nonfiction – Werner Essay Paper Essay Topic: Creative ? Jo Ann Beard is chiefly acknowledged as a author of originative nonfiction. What is originative nonfiction you ask? Creative nonfiction is the authorship of existent events utilizing the same techniques used to make fiction ; nevertheless. the authorship does non incorporate facts from the incident. One of the many originative nonfictions written by Beard is â€Å"Werner. † Werner Hoeflich heads place to his flat in New York City after passing the eventide at his providing occupation. Between the hours of four and five A. M. . Werner catches sounds of squeals and he wakes up to detect a enormous sum of fume drifting in his flat. Werner jumps out the window into the following door edifice ; he astoundingly survives the annihilating fire. Beard really efficaciously illustrates the procedure traveling through Werner’s caput in the heat of the state of affairs. Her words clearly depict how Werner jumped back and Forth from his head flashes. giving the reader a fantastic sum of information about Werner’s history. ? Beard is seeking to make out to readers who enjoy world molded into nonfiction. She is making out to readers who enjoy making scenes in their heads while construing the text. The information Beard is seeking to convey is pretty consecutive forward. She is seeking to convey how Werner. the chief character. felt during the awful incident. She wants to convey to the reader that every scene was imaginable even though it was now a work of originative nonfiction. Beard wanted to travel to the extent where the readers would believe that they were at that place while the flat edifice had been caught on fire. She wanted them to be present in the minute. be alive with the character of Werner. ? The success of the narrative starts right from the beginning. Jo Ann Beard grabs the readers in by utilizing the baleful consequence. For those who don’t know. the baleful consequence is the feeling created by the writer that something is either about to travel incorrect or has already gone incorrect. By utilizing this. the writer is warning the readers that something unacceptably erroneous is about to go on. Not merely is this a mark for the reader. but it besides creates jeopardy for the narrator. The author has to do certain the narrative is descriptive plenty so the reader is able to state that the events taking topographic point are non something that will normally happen in that specific scene. Beard successfully succeeded utilizing this consequence because she is consecutive frontward to her readers ; she lets them cognize that dark was non an ordinary dark in New York City. This saves the readers from acquiring confused subsequently on during the narrative. Beard describes the scene when Werner walked place after work: â€Å"But on that dark it wasn’t like that ; it was cold and fresh on the dark streets† ( 1 ) . She besides describes the scene environing his flat: â€Å"The trees on his block were scrawny and imperviable. like invalid aunts† ( 1 ) . Comparing these two sentences to the description of New York City on a regular twenty-four hours is like comparing a cat to a Canis familiaris. Beard description of New York of coloured dawns. banded cattles. and Dairy Queens merely didn’t connect with the thought of the cryptic streets or the spindly trees. The negative feeling generated from these two sentences from Beard’s narrative act as signals to be cautious of what’s in front. Not does this lone catch the reader’s attending. but it besides creates wonder. ? Even though the baleful consequence entirely can make an involvement for the readers. Beard added prefiguration. The baleful consequence brought the narrative the reader’s attending and created wonder. The readers were cognizant that what they were traveling to read in front won’t be pleasant. The idea of what it would be kept them reading. By adding prefiguration. Beard now besides had the reader’s involvement and formed intuition. She described the act of the bird at the beginning of the narrative. â€Å"The bird had sharpened both sides of its beak on the subdivision and so made a swerve. panicked flight to a windowsill far above† ( 1 ) . After being freaked out by the fire. Werner’s actions were described by Beard. â€Å"He went in up to his articulatio genuss. which landed on the rock sill. organic structure all the manner through onto somebody’s bed. right into their apartment†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( 11 ) . Boding can truly play with the reader’s head. The readers do non cognize when the prefiguration will happen. Sometimes they don’t even know if it will happen or non. Beard besides did a really good occupation of utilizing the technique of boding. To utilize this technique. the writer must be after in front and must cognize precisely what the stoping will be. The writer must utilize adequate information to make wonder but non plenty for the stoping to be given away. In any narrative. supplying hints to a perceptive reader is rather piquant. Once a reader knows prefiguration is in usage. they will be more careful reading and looking for of import inside informations. Another impact boding creates on the reader is the attempt to do anticipations. Since the readers do non cognize when to anticipate the prefiguration. they will do anticipations and acquire more involved with the narrative. ? The writer expeditiously demonstrated Werner’s ideas through illustrating images through the reader’s caput along the manner. She came up with ways to do her narrative engaging. The usage of different literary devices helped pull the readers to the text and go on reading without being bored. Beard really successfully created a piece of originative nonfiction that non merely told a narrative of an event. but besides had her readers be present and alive. Since the readers could visualise every minute themselves. Beard most likely had left her readers believing it was them inside that flat edifice and non Werner.

An Evolution Definition of Darwinism

An Evolution Definition of Darwinism Charles Darwin is known as the Father of Evolution for being the first person to publish his theory not only describing that evolution was a change in species over time but also put together a mechanism for how it works (called natural selection). There is arguably no other evolutionary scholar as well known and revered as Darwin. In fact, the term Darwinism has come to be synonymous with the Theory of Evolution, but what really is meant when people say the word Darwinism? And more importantly, what does Darwinism NOT mean? The Coining of the Term Darwinism, when it was first put into the lexicon by Thomas Huxley in 1860, was only meant to describe the belief that species change over time. In the most basic of terms, Darwinism became synonymous with Charles Darwins explanation of evolution and, to an extent, his description of natural selection. These ideas, first published in his arguably most famous book On the Origin of Species, were direct and have stood the test of time. So, originally, Darwinism only included the fact that species change over time due to nature selecting the most favorable adaptations within the population. These individuals with the better adaptations lived long enough to reproduce and pass those traits down to the next generation, ensuring the species survival. The Evolution of Darwinism While many scholars insist this should be the extent of information that the word Darwinism should encompass, it has somewhat evolved itself over time as the Theory of Evolution itself also changed when more data and information became readily available. For instance, Darwin did not know anything about Genetics as it wasnt until after his death that Gregor Mendel did his work with his pea plants and published the data. Many other scientists proposed alternative mechanisms for evolution during a time which became known as neo-Darwinism. However, none of these mechanisms held up over time and Charles Darwins original assertions were restored as the correct and leading Theory of Evolution. Now, the Modern Synthesis of the Evolutionary Theory is sometimes described using the term Darwinism, but this is somewhat misleading since it includes not only Genetics but also other topics not explored by Darwin like microevolution via DNA mutations and other molecular biological tenets. What Darwinism Is NOT In the United States, Darwinism has taken on a different meaning to the general public. In fact, opponents to the Theory of Evolution have taken the term Darwinism and created a false definition of the word that brings up a negative connotation for many who hear it. The strict Creationists have taken the word hostage and created a new meaning which is often perpetuated by those in the media and others who do not truly understand the real meaning of the word. These anti-evolutionists have taken the word Darwinism to not only mean a change in species over time but have lumped in the origin of life along with it. Darwin did not assert any sort of hypothesis on how life on Earth began in any of this writings and only could describe what he had studied and had evidence to back up. Creationists and other anti-evolutionary parties either misunderstood the term Darwinism or purposefully hijacked it to make it more negative. The term has even been used to describe the origin of the universe b y some extremists, which is way beyond the realm of anything Darwin would have made a conjecture on at any time in his life. In other countries around the world, however, this false definition is not present. In fact, in the United Kingdom where Darwin did most of his work, it is a celebrated and understood term that is commonly used instead of the Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection. There is no ambiguity of the term there and it is used correctly by scientists, the media, and the general public every day.

Robert Walpole's political style stabilized Great Britain in the 18th Essay

Robert Walpole's political style stabilized Great Britain in the 18th Century - Essay Example Walpole started his political career in the year 1701, winning the General Election from Castle Rising. Soon he left Castle Rising and moved to the crucial borough of King’s Lynn, where he enjoyed victory consecutively for forty years. Robert Walpole was an enthusiastic member of Whig Party (which was stronger than the opposing Tory Party, then). Walpole became a part of Council of Lord High Admiral in 1705, the Council which took care of the Naval matters. He had excellent administrative skills and was promoted as the Secretary at War (1708) by Lord Godolphin. He managed the post of Navy Treasurer also. These experiences helped him to become an advisor of Duke of Marlborough. Robert Walpole very soon became an important member in the Cabinet. In spite of having such an influence, he could not prevent Lord Godolphin and the Whigs from forcing the prosecution of Henry Sacheverell, who popularized anti-Whig ideas. This attempt was very unpopular and resulted in the fall of Whig Party and Duke of Marlborough in the 1710 Election. The new rule under Tory Robert Harley no longer allowed Walpole to be the Secretary at War, but permitted him to continue as the Treasurer of Navy. Harley’s attempt to influence Walpole to make him join the Tories did not succeed. Walpole denied the offer and played an important role in Whig Opposition as its most outspoken member. He spoke for Lord Godolphin in Parliamentary debates as well as in press, defending him from Troy attacks. Tories were not happy with him and wanted to discredit both him and the Duke of Marlborough. They came up with a wrong allegation that he had done corruption during his tenure as Secretary at War. The origin of this blame was nothing but political hatred. He had to undergo impeachment in the House of Commons, and the House of the Lords also charged him. He had to suffer six months imprisonment (in the Tower of London) and was banished from the Parliament. But the

Need to justify investing in IT projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Need to justify investing in IT projects - Essay Example Project planning involves guiding the execution of the project. A lot of resources are required in project planning since plans have to be useful and realistic. This paper looks at the need to IT projects investment justification. Best practices in governance of IT do identify efficient and effective IT investment as well as portfolio decisions as a significant objective and do insist on definition of the formal investment criteria for instance, Pay-back period, Net Present Value and ROI. In order for an IT investment to be justified, it has then to be linked to the investment’s business benefits, whereby the benefits have to be qualified and some monetary values allocated to the outcomes. One of the main reasons as to why IT projects have to be justified is that it involves a major capital investment. According to Computer Economics Incorporation, in certain industries, more than half of all expenditure is accounted for IT. This means that if executives of information systems need new systems to gain approval, then it is good for them to understand how the executive management expects justification of large capital expenditures (Computer Economics Inc., 2014). Despite the difficulties in the quantification of IT investments benefits, the senior executive are asking information system leaders tough questions with regard to the proposed IT investment project is going to improve the key business as well as financial metrics. Business benefits from IT projects happen to be indirect outcomes of interactions that are complex between business processes within which the technology is entrenched, and the technology itself. These benefits mostly include substantial intangible components. However, they take time to materialize because business processes and customer perception happen not to be instantaneous phenomena. A shortage of good processes for magnitude estimation as well as timing of business benefits that result from IT projects exists (ISACA, 2014).